Jumat, 06 Maret 2015

Tulisan 5 - Bahasa Inggris Bisnis 2

THE GREEDY FOX



           One fine day a fox found a store of food left by some farmers inside a hollow tree. Making himself as small as he could, he squeezed through a narrow gap, so that the other animals would not be able to see him gobbling up the lovely food.

        The fox ate, and ate, and ate … and then he ate some more. He had never eaten so much food in his life! But when he had finished it all and tried to climb out of the tree he just could not move. He was too big to get through the hole! Of course, the greedy fox did not realize he had eaten too much – he thought the tree had got smaller! He poked his head through the gap and yelled, “Help! Help! Get me out of this horrible hole.”

          Just then a weasel shuffled past the tree. “Hey, weasel, help me out! This tree is shrinking. It is crushing me to death!”

         “Oh, I don’t thonk so, ‘laughed the little weasel. “The tree looks about the same size as when I came past this morning. Perhaps you have got bigger.”

         “Stop talking nonsense and get me out!” shouted the fox. “I am dying, I tell you.”

         “Well, it serves you right for eating too much. The trouble with you us that your eyes are bigger than your stomach. You will have just to stay there until you get thinner …. Then can clamber out. And perhaps next time you won’t be so greedy.”

         So the fox had to stay in his miserable hole for two days and two long nights. But he never ever ate too much food again.  

Tulisan 4 - Bahasa Inggris Bisnis 2

Investment Challenges in Indonesia


TEMPO.CO, Jakarta - Economist Lana Soelistianingsih from the Universitas Indonesia said Indonesia’s biggest challenge in investment is the people’s lack of interest and knowledge, which is why the government has to provide intensive education.
"Education is important as knowledge about market so that the spread of local and foreign investors is more equal," said Lana Tuesday. Even distribution of local and foreign investors will protect Indonesia from foreign pressures.
Currently, foreign investors have larger percentage in stock investment with 51 percent and government bonds with 35.8 percent, making Indonesia depending too much on foreign investment.
There are two things causing the people’s lack of interest in investment. First of all, small per capita income. Even though investment costs are now cheap, per capita income of Rp3 million a month is considered scant. "People still put a lot of thought in saving, let alone investment," Lana said.
Second of all, the people’s lack of awareness of the importance of investment. In order to overcome this, the government must start introducing investment at school. "[The introduction must] start in junior in high school," Lana added.
Indonesia is facing five challenges in physical investment: Corruption, inefficient bureaucracy, lack of inadequate infrastructure, overlap between policies of the central and regional governments and expensive cost of loans.
In the short-term, the government can improve infrastructure and obviate the overlap between the central and regional governments. "For the other three [challenges], a long-term plan is needed in order to improve them," said Lana.

TRI ARTINING PUTRI

Sumber :
http://en.tempo.co/read/news/2014/07/16/056593416/Investment-Challenges-in-Indonesia 

Tulisan 3 - Bahasa Inggris Bisnis 2

HONEYBEES


HONEYBEES (Apis mellifera) construct their honeycombs with wax secreted from glands found on the underside of their abdomen. The honeycomb is regarded as an engineering marvel. Why?

Consider : For centuries, mathematicians suspected that partitions in the shape of hexagons were better than equilateral triangles or squares —or any other shape—for maximizing space with the least amount of building material. But they could not fully explain why. In 1999, Professor Thomas C. Hales provided mathematical proof for the advantage of what he termed “honeycomb conjecture.” He demonstrated that regular hexagons are the best way to divide a space into equal parts with minimal structural support.

By using hexagonal cells, bees can make the best use of all the space available to them, produce a light but sturdy honeycomb with a minimum amount of wax, and store the maximum amount of honey in a given space. Not surprisingly, the honeycomb has been described as “an architectural masterpiece.”


Today, scientists mimic the bees’ honeycomb to create structures that are both resilient and space efficient. Aircraft engineers, for example, use panels patterned after the honeycomb to build planes that are stronger and lighter and thus use less fuel.

Tulisan 2 - Bahasa Inggris Bisnis 2

Global Fooding will Increase Dramatically in 2030


       According to an analyst resource organization, the World Resources Institute (WRI), the increase was caused by climate change and world population growth.
       In the table the new global flood risk they incur, fifteen countries most affected, with India ranks first, with the average annual number of flood victims nationwide could reach about 4.8 million inhabitants.
Indonesia ranks sixth on the list, the number average of 635 thousand people per year.
       According to WRI, they circulate the new analysis is a first analysis of the flow of flood risk throughout the world today.
This analysis showed 21 million people annually affected by the floods, with losses estimated at 65 million pounds, or 1,293 trillion.

       Under the new calculation, the next 15 years, this number will increase to 50 million people are exposed to the risk of flooding, with the potential loss of about 340 million pounds, or about 6,768 trillion rupiah.

Sumber :

Tulisan 1 - Bahasa Inggris Bisnis 2

R. A. KARTINI




Kartini was born on April 21, 1987 in Mayong Jepara, Central Java. His father was a district officer Sosroningrat Rama (assistant Regent) in Mayong. His mother, Ma Ngasirah is a girl from a village in Jepara Awur Bay who is the daughter of a noble family, he was lucky because he gets more than the ordinary person. 

He got a better education than other children. On 12 November 1903 he married the duke djoyodiningrat, head Rembang. According to Javanese tradition Kartini should follow her husband. Then he moved to Apex.

On 13 September 1904 she gave birth to her son. His name Singgih. But after giving birth to a son, her condition worsened and she eventually died on 17 September 1904 aged 25 years.

Now Kartini was gone. But his passion and dreams will always be in our hearts. Currently the advancement of women in Indonesia is influenced by the spirit of Kartini that to be stated in the book "Out of Darkness to Light" he wrote. And, the book shows the stages or changes in attitudes and thinking during the corresponding Kartini and there are 87 letters Kartini in "Out of Darkness to Light".

He is a national hero and a great woman with a bright idea.

And finally, women are able to freely and school anywhere both inside and outside the country. Women's emancipation movement has succeeded. Kartini has made a large contribution in the conduct of Indonesian women to the pulpit of honor and freedom.

Tugas 1 - Bahasa Inggris Bisnis 2

TOEFL

Test of English as a Foreign Language or TOEFL, is a standardized test of English language proficiency for non-native English language speakers wishing to enroll in U.S. universities. The test is accepted by many English-speakingacademic and professional institutions. TOEFL is one of the two major English-language tests in the world, the other being the IELTS.
TOEFL is a trademark of ETS (Educational Testing Service), a private non-profit organization, which designs and administers the tests. The scores are valid for two years; then they are no longer reported.

Formats and content

Internet-based test

Since its introduction in late 2005, the TOEFL Internet-based Test (iBT) format has progressively replaced the computer-based tests (CBT) and paper-based tests (PBT), although paper-based testing is still used in select areas. The TOEFL iBT test has been introduced in phases, with the United States, Canada, France, Germany, and Italy in 2005 and the rest of the world in 2006, with test centers added regularly. The CBT was discontinued in September 2006 and these scores are no longer valid.
Initially, the demand for test seats was higher than availability, and candidates had to wait for months. It is now possible to take the test within one to four weeks in most countries.[8] The four-hour test consists of four sections, each measuring one of the basic language skills (while some tasks require integrating multiple skills), and all tasks focus on language used in an academic, higher-education environment. Note-taking is allowed during the TOEFL iBT test. The test cannot be taken more than once every 12 days
1.   Reading
The Reading section consists of questions on 4–6 passages, each approximately 700 words in length. The passages are on academic topics; they are the kind of material that might be found in an undergraduate university textbook. Passages require understanding of rhetorical functions such as cause-effect, compare-contrast and argumentation. Students answer questions about main ideas, details, inferences, essential information, sentence insertion, vocabulary, rhetorical purpose and overall ideas. New types of questions in the TOEFL iBT test require filling out tables or completing summaries. Prior knowledge of the subject under discussion is not necessary to come to the correct answer.
2.   Listening
The Listening section consists of questions on six passages, each 3–5 minutes in length. These passages include two student conversations and four academic lectures or discussions. The conversations involve a student and either a professor or a campus service provider. The lectures are a self-contained portion of an academic lecture, which may involve student participation and does not assume specialized background knowledge in the subject area. Each conversation and lecture passage is heard only once. Test-takers may take notes while they listen and they may refer to their notes when they answer the questions. Each conversation is associated with five questions and each lecture with six. The questions are meant to measure the ability to understand main ideas, important details, implications, relationships between ideas, organization of information, speaker purpose and speaker attitude.
3.   Speaking
The Speaking section consists of six tasks: two independent and four integrated. In the two independent tasks, test-takers answer opinion questions on familiar topics. They are evaluated on their ability to speak spontaneously and convey their ideas clearly and coherently. In two of the integrated tasks, test-takers read a short passage, listen to an academic course lecture or a conversation about campus life and answer a question by combining appropriate information from the text and the talk. In the two remaining integrated tasks, test-takers listen to an academic course lecture or a conversation about campus life and then respond to a question about what they heard. In the integrated tasks, test-takers are evaluated on their ability to appropriately synthesize and effectively convey information from the reading and listening material. Test-takers may take notes as they read and listen and may use their notes to help prepare their responses. Test-takers are given a short preparation time before they have to begin speaking. The responses are digitally recorded, sent to ETS’s Online Scoring Network (OSN), and evaluated by three to six raters.
4.   Writing
The Writing section measures a test taker's ability to write in an academic setting and consists of two tasks: one integrated and one independent. In the integrated task, test-takers read a passage on an academic topic and then listen to a speaker discuss it. The test-taker then writes a summary about the important points in the listening passage and explains how these relate to the key points of the reading passage. In the independent task, the test-taker must write an essay that states their opinion or choice, and then explain it, rather than simply listing personal preferences or choices. Responses are sent to the ETS OSN and evaluated by at least 3 different raters.

At the moment there are three versions of the test, depending on which part of the world the test is taken.
1. The traditional Paper-Based TOEFL test (PBT)
2. The Computer-Based TOEFL test. (CBT)
3. The Internet-Based TOEFL test (iBT)

1. The traditional Paper-Based TOEFL test (PBT)
The examination lasts for approximately three hours. It is divided into three sections: Section 1 - Listening comprehension (40 minutes - 50 items), Section 2 - Structure and written expression (25 minutes - 40 items) and Section 3 - Vocabulary and reading comprehension (45 minutes - 60 items).
TOEFL scores for each section are reported on a scale that can range from 31 to 68. The scores are then scaled to give the total score. TOEFL total scores are reported on a scale that can range from 310 - 677. British Universities usually ask for a score of 550 - 600 for entrance.
A test of written English is now available (TWE) and can be taken at the same time as the main TOEFL. This is recommended. The TWE is a 30 minute essay and tests the examinee's ability to perform academic writing tasks similar to those required of university students. The TWE score is reported separately on a scale of 1 to 6 on the TOEFL score report. A score of 4 is described as demonstrating minimal competence in writing. A score of 4.5 or 5.0 should normally be required. There is also a test of spoken English (TSE).
Students should be asked for at least 580, or 600 (with a TWE score of 5.5) or above for linguistically more demanding courses. 550 may be acceptable for some courses. The TWE should be required if proficiency in writing is important.
NB In certain parts of the world, TOEFL cram courses are available. These courses are successful in improving the student's score by up to 50 points, without necessarily improving their English ability. One solution is to always insist that the student takes TWE.

2. The Computer-Based TOEFL test. (CBT)
At the beginning of July 1998, The Computer-Based TOEFL test was introduced in certain areas of the world. The Computer-Based TOEFL has four sections: Listening, Structure, Reading and Writing.
The Listening section measures the test taker's ability to understand English as it is spoken in North America, including frequently used vocabulary, expressions and grammar. The Structure section measures the ability to recognise language that is appropriate for standard written English. The Reading section uses passages to measure the ability to understand non-technical reading material, but new tasks that require the test taker to become more closely involved with the text have been developed. The Writing section measures the person's ability to generate, organise and support ideas using standard written English in an essay. The essay rating is combined with the Structure section score to create a compiled Structure/Writing scaled score. The essay rating constitutes one-half of the Structure/Writing scaled score.
The computer-based test is reported on a new score scale. This new score scale has been designed to distinguish scores received on the computer-based TOEFL from those received on the paper-based test. For the computer-based test, the examinee receives four scaled scores: Listening (0 to 30), Structure/Writing (0 to 30), Reading (0 to 30), and a total score (000 to 300). The three section scores and a total score are reported on the score report. The essay rating is integrated in the Structure/Writing score; in addition, the score on the essay is reported as an independent rating on the report.
Students should be asked for at least 233, or 250 or above for linguistically more demanding courses. 213 may be acceptable for some courses. The score on the essay is reported as an independent rating on a scale of 1 to 6, where a score of 4 is described as demonstrating minimal competence in writing. A score of 4.5 or 5.0 should normally be required or 5.5 if proficiency in writing is important.

3. The Internet-Based TOEFL test (iBT)
In September 2005, the TOEFL test changed in significant ways. The Internet-Based TOEFL test measures all four skills of communication: reading, writing, listening, and for the first time, speaking. It  also uses questions that ask students to combine their skills to show how well they can use English to communicate. As a result of these changes, TOEFL has established a new scoring scale for the test. Score reports will contain five different scores: one total score on a scale of 0-120, and four skill scores, each on a scale of 0-30.
Scores from the new TOEFL test provide information about performance in the four skill areas students need for success in an academic environment.
Listening
0-30
Reading
0-30
Speaking
0-30
Writing
0-30
Total Score
0-120
Score reports provide better information than ever about an individual's readiness to participate and succeed in academic studies in an English-speaking environment. Score reports will include:
    • four skill scores
    • total score
Score users are encouraged to consider the four skill scores, and not only the total score. The four skill scores give institutions the flexibility to customize their score requirements to meet the varied English language demands of different academic disciplines

Students should be asked for at least 100, or 110 or above for linguistically more demanding courses. 90 may be acceptable for some courses.

Correlation between Paper-Based TOEFL scores, Computer-Based TOEFL Scores and Internet Based TOEFL (iBT):
Paper-based TOEFL 450 477 500 527 550 577 600
Computer-based TOEFL 133 153 173 197 213 233 250
Internet-based TOEFL (iBT)
45
53
61
71
80
91
100

Sumber :